1 00:00:00,600 --> 00:00:09,180 [Music] 2 00:00:14,220 --> 00:00:12,150 um good afternoon ladies and gentlemen 3 00:00:16,109 --> 00:00:14,230 so my name is Jean Christophe Dao and 4 00:00:17,999 --> 00:00:16,119 I'm an associate professor at the Japan 5 00:00:20,970 --> 00:00:18,009 advanced Institute of Science and 6 00:00:22,970 --> 00:00:20,980 Technology in Ishikawa Japan and I would 7 00:00:25,320 --> 00:00:22,980 also like to introduce to you my new 8 00:00:27,870 --> 00:00:25,330 collaborator in this new project I have 9 00:00:29,849 --> 00:00:27,880 initiated mr. mark Elwell and today I 10 00:00:32,790 --> 00:00:29,859 would like to talk to you about Thomas 11 00:00:35,040 --> 00:00:32,800 Kuhn Gaston Bachelard mitsuo Tackett any 12 00:00:38,880 --> 00:00:35,050 three different approaches to scientific 13 00:00:41,100 --> 00:00:38,890 change and progress so the theme of this 14 00:00:43,830 --> 00:00:41,110 conference is bonfire of the paradigms 15 00:00:46,680 --> 00:00:43,840 so I slightly modified my presentation 16 00:00:55,020 --> 00:00:46,690 in in order to suit the theme of the 17 00:00:56,490 --> 00:00:55,030 conference so actually we could start by 18 00:00:58,500 --> 00:00:56,500 being a little bit nasty and say okay 19 00:01:01,020 --> 00:00:58,510 which representatives of the current 20 00:01:04,650 --> 00:01:01,030 paradigm we're going to burn first so we 21 00:01:08,279 --> 00:01:04,660 could talk about one who's sook accused 22 00:01:12,630 --> 00:01:08,289 of fraud actually accepted as fraud okay 23 00:01:16,800 --> 00:01:12,640 so let's put him in the fire here then 24 00:01:19,620 --> 00:01:16,810 we could look at which Dawkins why why 25 00:01:24,059 --> 00:01:19,630 Richard Dawkins okay for becoming a guru 26 00:01:26,779 --> 00:01:24,069 maybe okay okay disappeared and then 27 00:01:29,719 --> 00:01:26,789 okay Cyril Bert okay accused of fraud 28 00:01:32,130 --> 00:01:29,729 okay well this one got into the fire 29 00:01:34,440 --> 00:01:32,140 okay so let's look at the roots of the 30 00:01:37,080 --> 00:01:34,450 problem we're starting the fire from the 31 00:01:40,800 --> 00:01:37,090 foundations aren't we so as it is used 32 00:01:42,389 --> 00:01:40,810 here what does paradigm refer to okay we 33 00:01:44,160 --> 00:01:42,399 need to consider here the framework of 34 00:01:46,190 --> 00:01:44,170 the conventional current practice of 35 00:01:52,320 --> 00:01:46,200 science 36 00:01:55,260 --> 00:01:52,330 here as an institution and let's look at 37 00:01:57,359 --> 00:01:55,270 some of the main elements of science as 38 00:01:59,760 --> 00:01:57,369 an institution so we have the peer 39 00:02:02,609 --> 00:01:59,770 review system we have famous institution 40 00:02:04,859 --> 00:02:02,619 which involve ER key publications we 41 00:02:07,559 --> 00:02:04,869 have established Authority and reliance 42 00:02:09,839 --> 00:02:07,569 on government funded grants so for 43 00:02:12,210 --> 00:02:09,849 example here you have an image of a 44 00:02:15,570 --> 00:02:12,220 monoliths I think that works a lot it 45 00:02:18,750 --> 00:02:15,580 says a lot of words and let's look first 46 00:02:21,750 --> 00:02:18,760 at a few examples with the peer-review 47 00:02:23,070 --> 00:02:21,760 system first of all the Piltdown man 48 00:02:25,770 --> 00:02:23,080 fabrication of physical 49 00:02:28,050 --> 00:02:25,780 evidence sir Sir Albert fabrication of 50 00:02:31,800 --> 00:02:28,060 data may be fabrication of researcher 51 00:02:34,310 --> 00:02:31,810 wrong who suck fraud the shown the 52 00:02:36,990 --> 00:02:34,320 recent Shirin scandal in Germany 53 00:02:40,500 --> 00:02:37,000 fabrication of data as well so there is 54 00:02:42,630 --> 00:02:40,510 a problem here ok let's go back to 55 00:02:45,240 --> 00:02:42,640 paradigm where does the word paradigm 56 00:02:48,000 --> 00:02:45,250 come into the discussion this term as 57 00:02:50,610 --> 00:02:48,010 most of you know is was coined by Thomas 58 00:02:52,950 --> 00:02:50,620 Kuhn a very famous American philosopher 59 00:02:54,960 --> 00:02:52,960 of science ok in his book the structure 60 00:02:58,290 --> 00:02:54,970 of scientific revolutions which he 61 00:03:00,480 --> 00:02:58,300 published in 1962 but Kuhn also used a 62 00:03:05,130 --> 00:03:00,490 more technical term he used the term 63 00:03:07,050 --> 00:03:05,140 disciplinary matrix as well ok let's 64 00:03:09,750 --> 00:03:07,060 define our terms before we continue 65 00:03:12,180 --> 00:03:09,760 what is the etymology of paradigm well 66 00:03:15,060 --> 00:03:12,190 if you look at Plato predict ma to show 67 00:03:18,150 --> 00:03:15,070 side-by-side pattern or comparison 68 00:03:23,070 --> 00:03:18,160 another meeting would be example to show 69 00:03:25,920 --> 00:03:23,080 from example in grammar for example in 70 00:03:27,930 --> 00:03:25,930 his book actually there are at least 22 71 00:03:30,030 --> 00:03:27,940 different uses of the term paradigm 72 00:03:32,220 --> 00:03:30,040 there are two main meanings which we are 73 00:03:34,650 --> 00:03:32,230 going to retain here that I've had been 74 00:03:38,220 --> 00:03:34,660 officially officially recognized by Kuhn 75 00:03:40,080 --> 00:03:38,230 later ok the first meaning would be body 76 00:03:41,940 --> 00:03:40,090 or collection of values and techniques 77 00:03:44,640 --> 00:03:41,950 that are shared by a group of scientists 78 00:03:46,259 --> 00:03:44,650 the second one would be the manner in 79 00:03:48,630 --> 00:03:46,269 which a person who is trained in a given 80 00:03:51,449 --> 00:03:48,640 field learns to recognize the element of 81 00:03:53,070 --> 00:03:51,459 entities in the first definition to 82 00:03:54,140 --> 00:03:53,080 isolate them and to distinguish them 83 00:03:56,840 --> 00:03:54,150 from each other 84 00:04:00,000 --> 00:03:56,850 ok if we look at the first definition 85 00:04:02,100 --> 00:04:00,010 what a paradigm does is to specify the 86 00:04:04,620 --> 00:04:02,110 correct way of formulating and solving 87 00:04:06,690 --> 00:04:04,630 problems and actually some elements of a 88 00:04:08,040 --> 00:04:06,700 paradigm would include mathematical 89 00:04:10,199 --> 00:04:08,050 language some mathematical 90 00:04:12,330 --> 00:04:10,209 generalizations frequently metaphors 91 00:04:14,790 --> 00:04:12,340 such as the hydraulic metaphor in 92 00:04:17,610 --> 00:04:14,800 electricity verbal explanation of a 93 00:04:19,920 --> 00:04:17,620 given phenomenon diagrams drawings 94 00:04:25,050 --> 00:04:19,930 models for example the more Bohr model 95 00:04:26,820 --> 00:04:25,060 Nathan and here also within that first 96 00:04:28,469 --> 00:04:26,830 definition of what we're looking at 97 00:04:30,930 --> 00:04:28,479 which we're considering is technology by 98 00:04:33,390 --> 00:04:30,940 which the work is done but also looking 99 00:04:35,480 --> 00:04:33,400 at the human side attitudes expectation 100 00:04:38,580 --> 00:04:35,490 belief practices 101 00:04:41,489 --> 00:04:38,590 okay if we look at the second definition 102 00:04:44,010 --> 00:04:41,499 recognized by Kuhn we're looking at the 103 00:04:46,080 --> 00:04:44,020 practical phase of a scientist training 104 00:04:48,989 --> 00:04:46,090 okay that is going from theory to 105 00:04:50,760 --> 00:04:48,999 practice by meditating on example an 106 00:04:52,619 --> 00:04:50,770 example I've thought about here is for 107 00:04:54,719 --> 00:04:52,629 example in electricity okay 108 00:04:56,790 --> 00:04:54,729 finding the electric field by 109 00:05:01,649 --> 00:04:56,800 considering different geometry so going 110 00:05:03,779 --> 00:05:01,659 from one geometry to another okay one 111 00:05:05,159 --> 00:05:03,789 specific component of a paradigm or 112 00:05:08,279 --> 00:05:05,169 disciplinary matrix would be the 113 00:05:10,980 --> 00:05:08,289 consensus on exemplars of good science 114 00:05:13,830 --> 00:05:10,990 which you typically find in books and 115 00:05:15,059 --> 00:05:13,840 papers for example Aristotle's analysis 116 00:05:17,399 --> 00:05:15,069 of motion 117 00:05:19,469 --> 00:05:17,409 Lavoisier's application of the balancing 118 00:05:21,450 --> 00:05:19,479 chemistry Maxwell's mathematize ie 119 00:05:24,899 --> 00:05:21,460 mathematize ation of the electromagnetic 120 00:05:27,600 --> 00:05:24,909 field that actually great texts are also 121 00:05:31,559 --> 00:05:27,610 paradigms in themselves containing 122 00:05:32,189 --> 00:05:31,569 theories and laws other models apart 123 00:05:34,829 --> 00:05:32,199 from Koons 124 00:05:37,950 --> 00:05:34,839 are the epistemological model they were 125 00:05:39,570 --> 00:05:37,960 by Gaston Bachelard ants and the 126 00:05:42,379 --> 00:05:39,580 phenomenal phenomenological model 127 00:05:45,689 --> 00:05:42,389 developed by mad Mitsotakis honey 128 00:05:48,390 --> 00:05:45,699 already before World War two in Japan in 129 00:05:50,700 --> 00:05:48,400 Kyoto I believe so let's talk a little 130 00:05:54,269 --> 00:05:50,710 bit about Mitsotakis and his model in 131 00:05:56,879 --> 00:05:54,279 1936 he developed the so-called doctrine 132 00:05:59,809 --> 00:05:56,889 of the three stages of scientific 133 00:06:03,480 --> 00:05:59,819 development based on Hegelian dialectic 134 00:06:06,089 --> 00:06:03,490 it contains the phenomenal the 135 00:06:08,719 --> 00:06:06,099 substantial and the essential stages so 136 00:06:10,649 --> 00:06:08,729 you start with the phenomenal stages 137 00:06:12,240 --> 00:06:10,659 observation arrogate regularities and 138 00:06:14,939 --> 00:06:12,250 phenomena and then you go to the 139 00:06:16,439 --> 00:06:14,949 substantial stage looking at entities 140 00:06:18,360 --> 00:06:16,449 okay that are related to those 141 00:06:20,939 --> 00:06:18,370 observation and finally the essence 142 00:06:22,829 --> 00:06:20,949 connecting entities and phenomena so 143 00:06:24,920 --> 00:06:22,839 corresponding to this triad we have 144 00:06:27,719 --> 00:06:24,930 three stages of scientific development 145 00:06:28,769 --> 00:06:27,729 okay one case example would be Newton 146 00:06:32,010 --> 00:06:28,779 and astronomy where you observe 147 00:06:33,929 --> 00:06:32,020 celestial bodies phenomenal stage you 148 00:06:36,089 --> 00:06:33,939 hypothesize real constituent in the 149 00:06:38,879 --> 00:06:36,099 universe substantial stage and the 150 00:06:41,309 --> 00:06:38,889 essential stage you'd ever derive some 151 00:06:44,189 --> 00:06:41,319 mathematical laws okay to explain the 152 00:06:46,469 --> 00:06:44,199 motions of the bodies this image has 153 00:06:48,269 --> 00:06:46,479 been taken from a presentation by Sochi 154 00:06:48,879 --> 00:06:48,279 Chi which he emeritus professor of 155 00:06:52,029 --> 00:06:48,889 philosophy 156 00:06:53,709 --> 00:06:52,039 of science at Kyoto University okay but 157 00:06:56,589 --> 00:06:53,719 actually according at least two hoochies 158 00:06:58,089 --> 00:06:56,599 and say Mitsui tacit Annie's model has 159 00:07:00,189 --> 00:06:58,099 some problems okay 160 00:07:01,600 --> 00:07:00,199 I won't go into details here but first 161 00:07:03,459 --> 00:07:01,610 of all what is the criterion for 162 00:07:05,890 --> 00:07:03,469 distinguishing the three stages you 163 00:07:08,649 --> 00:07:05,900 notice also that the process repeats 164 00:07:10,360 --> 00:07:08,659 itself and like in the Sparrow okay so 165 00:07:12,189 --> 00:07:10,370 what would be the logic for repeating 166 00:07:14,559 --> 00:07:12,199 the substantial and essential stages at 167 00:07:16,989 --> 00:07:14,569 a higher level for example going from 168 00:07:19,480 --> 00:07:16,999 Newtonian mechanics to an chen theory of 169 00:07:21,519 --> 00:07:19,490 general relativity so there are some 170 00:07:25,929 --> 00:07:21,529 problems with this model at least as 171 00:07:27,519 --> 00:07:25,939 articulated by og sensei 172 00:07:29,980 --> 00:07:27,529 let's look very quickly at Gaston 173 00:07:32,649 --> 00:07:29,990 Bachelard model of scientific change so 174 00:07:34,990 --> 00:07:32,659 it is based on epidemiological concepts 175 00:07:38,170 --> 00:07:35,000 and it predates actually Koons work by 176 00:07:40,240 --> 00:07:38,180 more than 20 years okay actually queuing 177 00:07:42,129 --> 00:07:40,250 was indirectly influenced by bachelor 178 00:07:45,189 --> 00:07:42,139 the other French philosopher Alexander 179 00:07:47,110 --> 00:07:45,199 query as well according to bachelor 180 00:07:48,909 --> 00:07:47,120 science is best known by reflection on 181 00:07:51,790 --> 00:07:48,919 its history so history of science is 182 00:07:53,529 --> 00:07:51,800 important to understand science Bachelor 183 00:07:56,040 --> 00:07:53,539 believed that there are some sharp 184 00:07:59,050 --> 00:07:56,050 breaks in their history of science okay 185 00:07:59,740 --> 00:07:59,060 in this model of scientific change in 186 00:08:01,719 --> 00:07:59,750 progress 187 00:08:05,529 --> 00:08:01,729 there are five key epistemological 188 00:08:08,980 --> 00:08:05,539 concepts epistemological break obstacle 189 00:08:12,159 --> 00:08:08,990 profile act and reforging a whole Fault 190 00:08:13,450 --> 00:08:12,169 in French okay so very quickly let's go 191 00:08:15,850 --> 00:08:13,460 through the vets who are a few of those 192 00:08:17,200 --> 00:08:15,860 I mean all of those if we look at the 193 00:08:19,510 --> 00:08:17,210 epistemological break there are two 194 00:08:20,980 --> 00:08:19,520 types a break or even a contradiction 195 00:08:23,740 --> 00:08:20,990 between scientific knowledge and 196 00:08:26,950 --> 00:08:23,750 ordinary knowledge based on common sense 197 00:08:29,740 --> 00:08:26,960 experiences a break between successive 198 00:08:31,540 --> 00:08:29,750 sunset scientific concepts okay 199 00:08:33,730 --> 00:08:31,550 if you look at an epistemological 200 00:08:36,430 --> 00:08:33,740 obstacle we are looking at to any 201 00:08:37,360 --> 00:08:36,440 concept or method that prevents a break 202 00:08:39,939 --> 00:08:37,370 from occurring 203 00:08:42,490 --> 00:08:39,949 common sense can be in the 204 00:08:44,889 --> 00:08:42,500 epistemological obstacle implicit views 205 00:08:47,829 --> 00:08:44,899 and attitudes unconscious strategies of 206 00:08:49,449 --> 00:08:47,839 thought images such as once again Bohr's 207 00:08:51,340 --> 00:08:49,459 model for example they may have been 208 00:08:53,560 --> 00:08:51,350 useful in the past but not anymore 209 00:08:55,360 --> 00:08:53,570 epistemic or profile would be an 210 00:08:58,800 --> 00:08:55,370 analysis of a given individuals 211 00:09:01,480 --> 00:08:58,810 understanding of a scientific concept an 212 00:09:02,440 --> 00:09:01,490 epistemological act would actually be a 213 00:09:05,050 --> 00:09:02,450 leap of genius 214 00:09:06,840 --> 00:09:05,060 okay by some scientists which would lead 215 00:09:09,040 --> 00:09:06,850 to scientific progress an 216 00:09:11,710 --> 00:09:09,050 epistemological reforging would be a 217 00:09:14,260 --> 00:09:11,720 preservation by a reformulation of old 218 00:09:17,170 --> 00:09:14,270 ideas in a new and broader context of 219 00:09:20,230 --> 00:09:17,180 salt for example including Euclidean 220 00:09:22,420 --> 00:09:20,240 geometry into non Euclidean geometry as 221 00:09:24,940 --> 00:09:22,430 a special case or Newtonian mechanics as 222 00:09:27,670 --> 00:09:24,950 a special case but not rejected of 223 00:09:28,630 --> 00:09:27,680 Einstein's relativistic mechanics in 224 00:09:32,530 --> 00:09:28,640 other words we're looking at a 225 00:09:34,510 --> 00:09:32,540 rectification of errors okay so only two 226 00:09:37,230 --> 00:09:34,520 problems inherent in tacit Annie's model 227 00:09:40,780 --> 00:09:37,240 we will focus on queuing verses bachelor 228 00:09:43,150 --> 00:09:40,790 so here I know it's a busy table to 229 00:09:45,190 --> 00:09:43,160 compare Kuhn and bash law so I will 230 00:09:47,680 --> 00:09:45,200 emphasize I will highlight the main 231 00:09:50,740 --> 00:09:47,690 points the similarities in yellow and 232 00:09:53,350 --> 00:09:50,750 the differences in red so both of them 233 00:09:54,910 --> 00:09:53,360 who were actually trained as physicists 234 00:09:56,860 --> 00:09:54,920 before they became philosophers of 235 00:09:59,230 --> 00:09:56,870 science okay 236 00:10:00,940 --> 00:09:59,240 I myself I'm a physician just now I'm 237 00:10:04,060 --> 00:10:00,950 getting into philosophy of science it's 238 00:10:05,620 --> 00:10:04,070 very interesting anyway history of 239 00:10:06,700 --> 00:10:05,630 science was very important to both of 240 00:10:09,190 --> 00:10:06,710 them okay 241 00:10:12,040 --> 00:10:09,200 whereas Kuhn focuses on scientific 242 00:10:14,350 --> 00:10:12,050 theory Gaston bachelor forces on the 243 00:10:17,230 --> 00:10:14,360 epistemological concept and if we look 244 00:10:20,410 --> 00:10:17,240 at a description of scientific change to 245 00:10:22,420 --> 00:10:20,420 bash for for Kuhn normal science was 246 00:10:25,630 --> 00:10:22,430 constituted by paradigms like puzzles 247 00:10:26,950 --> 00:10:25,640 you add pieces to the puzzle and when 248 00:10:28,450 --> 00:10:26,960 there is a piece that you would like to 249 00:10:32,110 --> 00:10:28,460 add that doesn't fit with the puzzle 250 00:10:34,120 --> 00:10:32,120 okay then you have a crisis which leads 251 00:10:36,430 --> 00:10:34,130 to Scientific Revolution in other words 252 00:10:37,660 --> 00:10:36,440 to paradigm shift according to Kuhn 253 00:10:41,560 --> 00:10:37,670 those are rare and there are 254 00:10:43,570 --> 00:10:41,570 discontinuous whereas for bachelor there 255 00:10:46,240 --> 00:10:43,580 is the historical discontinuity is 256 00:10:48,790 --> 00:10:46,250 normal okay the mode of change in the 257 00:10:50,890 --> 00:10:48,800 case of Kuhn is that those crises 258 00:10:52,570 --> 00:10:50,900 constitute a sudden event whereas 259 00:10:54,670 --> 00:10:52,580 actually in the case of bachelor there 260 00:10:57,220 --> 00:10:54,680 is a process that is involved is there 261 00:10:59,140 --> 00:10:57,230 scientific progress in the case of Kuhn 262 00:11:01,900 --> 00:10:59,150 not necessarily because there is so 263 00:11:04,090 --> 00:11:01,910 called Q loss okay a loss of explanatory 264 00:11:05,650 --> 00:11:04,100 power that can occur when you have a new 265 00:11:07,570 --> 00:11:05,660 theory okay 266 00:11:09,940 --> 00:11:07,580 in the case of bachelor usually yes 267 00:11:12,040 --> 00:11:09,950 there will be scientific progress is 268 00:11:14,140 --> 00:11:12,050 there a better approximation to the 269 00:11:15,840 --> 00:11:14,150 truth when I say the truth here I mean 270 00:11:19,949 --> 00:11:15,850 something that is 271 00:11:21,449 --> 00:11:19,959 objectively measurable okay no according 272 00:11:23,189 --> 00:11:21,459 to Kuhn because of the 273 00:11:25,470 --> 00:11:23,199 incommensurability the difficulty in 274 00:11:27,780 --> 00:11:25,480 comparing successive series in the case 275 00:11:30,449 --> 00:11:27,790 of bachelor yes through the correction 276 00:11:32,160 --> 00:11:30,459 of error so you can see that there is an 277 00:11:36,090 --> 00:11:32,170 interesting mix of similarities and 278 00:11:37,319 --> 00:11:36,100 differences between Kuhn and bachelor so 279 00:11:39,269 --> 00:11:37,329 this is the question I would like to 280 00:11:42,150 --> 00:11:39,279 submit to all of you in this conference 281 00:11:44,430 --> 00:11:42,160 can we elaborate a new model from Kuhn 282 00:11:46,590 --> 00:11:44,440 and Bachelor that will address real 283 00:11:48,720 --> 00:11:46,600 problems okay this is what I would like 284 00:11:50,910 --> 00:11:48,730 to start working on in my new project in 285 00:11:54,360 --> 00:11:50,920 other words I was just burning the old 286 00:11:57,090 --> 00:11:54,370 house science as an institution today or 287 00:12:01,170 --> 00:11:57,100 are we preparing the ground for planting 288 00:12:03,329 --> 00:12:01,180 a new crop so in building a new bonds we 289 00:12:04,860 --> 00:12:03,339 need a metric and of course we're 290 00:12:06,780 --> 00:12:04,870 planning to use anomalies and de metric 291 00:12:10,110 --> 00:12:06,790 and I know that there are famous experts 292 00:12:12,629 --> 00:12:10,120 here on anomalies I am just a rookie in 293 00:12:15,990 --> 00:12:12,639 that field but I hope to do some 294 00:12:17,460 --> 00:12:16,000 interesting work on it as you know there 295 00:12:18,900 --> 00:12:17,470 are well-known anomalies in the history 296 00:12:20,850 --> 00:12:18,910 of sine that led to scientific progress 297 00:12:22,949 --> 00:12:20,860 one of the best examples can be found in 298 00:12:24,900 --> 00:12:22,959 astronomy for example the anomalous 299 00:12:28,650 --> 00:12:24,910 orbit of uranus leading to the discovery 300 00:12:30,870 --> 00:12:28,660 of Neptune by laveyan Adams in 1846 the 301 00:12:32,490 --> 00:12:30,880 anomalous angular advance of the 302 00:12:35,269 --> 00:12:32,500 perihelion of Mercury's orbit around the 303 00:12:37,259 --> 00:12:35,279 Sun which was finally explained via 304 00:12:39,059 --> 00:12:37,269 relativist Einstein's theory of general 305 00:12:42,569 --> 00:12:39,069 relativity those are quite well-known 306 00:12:45,120 --> 00:12:42,579 examples but we can look at anomalies in 307 00:12:47,129 --> 00:12:45,130 so called fringe science so what is 308 00:12:49,800 --> 00:12:47,139 originally considered as fringe science 309 00:12:51,499 --> 00:12:49,810 could be now is that is now part of 310 00:12:54,090 --> 00:12:51,509 current paradigm would include 311 00:12:56,759 --> 00:12:54,100 continental drift begginers theories ok 312 00:12:59,100 --> 00:12:56,769 big bang theory by a balloon eight hell 313 00:13:02,420 --> 00:12:59,110 you centrism existence of Troy north 314 00:13:05,340 --> 00:13:02,430 colonization of the Americas etc ok 315 00:13:08,189 --> 00:13:05,350 anomalies that might soon be accepted as 316 00:13:11,129 --> 00:13:08,199 science that could constitute right now 317 00:13:14,340 --> 00:13:11,139 non science in Pope Arian terms ok or 318 00:13:16,800 --> 00:13:14,350 our pursuit of science the alai effect 319 00:13:19,379 --> 00:13:16,810 may be cold fusion crop circles 320 00:13:24,150 --> 00:13:19,389 cryptozoology energy healing human 321 00:13:25,620 --> 00:13:24,160 longevity UFO phenomenon etc so actually 322 00:13:28,799 --> 00:13:25,630 why is fringe science with its 323 00:13:29,730 --> 00:13:28,809 accompanying anomalies rejected so the 324 00:13:31,440 --> 00:13:29,740 current paradigm 325 00:13:33,630 --> 00:13:31,450 tend to become more of an obstacle to 326 00:13:35,610 --> 00:13:33,640 than a facilitator of scientific 327 00:13:38,220 --> 00:13:35,620 progress because there are some inherent 328 00:13:43,110 --> 00:13:38,230 problems that might be an accidental 329 00:13:46,140 --> 00:13:43,120 consequence of former technology okay we 330 00:13:50,360 --> 00:13:46,150 are going back to the list of elements 331 00:13:52,470 --> 00:13:50,370 that constitute a paradigm in the 332 00:13:53,850 --> 00:13:52,480 conventional view of science as an 333 00:13:56,630 --> 00:13:53,860 institution okay 334 00:14:00,660 --> 00:13:56,640 peer review system might lead to a mafia 335 00:14:03,000 --> 00:14:00,670 self-referential for example okay 336 00:14:05,210 --> 00:14:03,010 confirmation bias after all those can 337 00:14:08,160 --> 00:14:05,220 lead to problems with peer review system 338 00:14:10,470 --> 00:14:08,170 institution Yaqui and publication okay 339 00:14:12,410 --> 00:14:10,480 here the argument from Authority plays 340 00:14:14,640 --> 00:14:12,420 an important role the government 341 00:14:17,600 --> 00:14:14,650 dominated funding leads to a 342 00:14:20,700 --> 00:14:17,610 politicization of science technology 343 00:14:23,250 --> 00:14:20,710 actually using paper what I call here 344 00:14:25,440 --> 00:14:23,260 the paper priesthood okay can lead to 345 00:14:27,960 --> 00:14:25,450 inertia it takes quite a while in order 346 00:14:30,030 --> 00:14:27,970 to publish publication in for paper 347 00:14:33,240 --> 00:14:30,040 format whereas by using the internet it 348 00:14:34,770 --> 00:14:33,250 can be done much more quickly the 349 00:14:37,650 --> 00:14:34,780 concluding remark I would like to make 350 00:14:40,800 --> 00:14:37,660 here is technology has changed okay 351 00:14:44,160 --> 00:14:40,810 from the time of the monastery in the 352 00:14:48,150 --> 00:14:44,170 paper text to the printing press until 353 00:14:50,460 --> 00:14:48,160 now in the Internet age okay involving 354 00:14:53,490 --> 00:14:50,470 digital media there has been a 355 00:14:55,230 --> 00:14:53,500 tremendous advance in technology but we 356 00:14:59,490 --> 00:14:55,240 need to consider when building our new 357 00:15:01,170 --> 00:14:59,500 model okay and actually we would like to 358 00:15:03,720 --> 00:15:01,180 hypothesize that the sharing of 359 00:15:05,550 --> 00:15:03,730 knowledge via distributed systems needs 360 00:15:07,800 --> 00:15:05,560 to be integrated this to into this new 361 00:15:10,320 --> 00:15:07,810 model of scientific change and progress 362 00:15:12,750 --> 00:15:10,330 so I'm giving you here as a few example 363 00:15:15,300 --> 00:15:12,760 SETI at home which was started some 15 364 00:15:18,240 --> 00:15:15,310 years ago I believe distributed net 365 00:15:20,760 --> 00:15:18,250 amateur astronomy in other words we 366 00:15:24,960 --> 00:15:20,770 believe that we would need a protestants 367 00:15:28,320 --> 00:15:24,970 okay part by analogy with with what 368 00:15:31,350 --> 00:15:28,330 happened you know in the 6th in 16th 369 00:15:33,720 --> 00:15:31,360 century Europe Reformation of science in 370 00:15:36,480 --> 00:15:33,730 which every every person becomes a 371 00:15:39,120 --> 00:15:36,490 scientist can everybody become a 372 00:15:42,390 --> 00:15:39,130 scientist in principle potentially yes 373 00:15:43,530 --> 00:15:42,400 young people nowadays have tools which 374 00:15:46,740 --> 00:15:43,540 we will not even have 375 00:15:48,600 --> 00:15:46,750 dreamt about fifty years ago okay 376 00:15:51,749 --> 00:15:48,610 those tools can really be used so that 377 00:15:54,199 --> 00:15:51,759 everybody can become a scientist and 378 00:15:56,249 --> 00:15:54,209 especially the possibility of 379 00:16:01,550 --> 00:15:56,259 serendipitous discovery can be 380 00:16:04,110 --> 00:16:01,560 tremendously magnified we believe okay I 381 00:16:05,850 --> 00:16:04,120 would like to thank you for your 382 00:16:07,889 --> 00:16:05,860 attention I know that my presentation 383 00:16:10,740 --> 00:16:07,899 was a bit short so I suspect that there 384 00:16:12,930 --> 00:16:10,750 might be quite a lot of questions and if 385 00:16:14,790 --> 00:16:12,940 there is anything more you would like to 386 00:16:16,259 --> 00:16:14,800 discuss with me in detail of course I 387 00:16:17,790 --> 00:16:16,269 will be available after I look at the 388 00:16:29,490 --> 00:16:17,800 conference thank you very much 389 00:16:32,670 --> 00:16:29,500 terrific I'd like to point out that one 390 00:16:36,420 --> 00:16:32,680 of your fringe Sciences at least on your 391 00:16:38,430 --> 00:16:36,430 list sort of jumped out as not really 392 00:16:41,040 --> 00:16:38,440 fitting with the others because it's 393 00:16:44,249 --> 00:16:41,050 it's caught in a cleft stick and no 394 00:16:45,930 --> 00:16:44,259 reformulations or paradigm shift will 395 00:16:49,040 --> 00:16:45,940 fix the problem as it's currently 396 00:16:51,329 --> 00:16:49,050 defined and that is cryptozoology 397 00:16:53,879 --> 00:16:51,339 cryptozoologists are people who try to 398 00:16:56,519 --> 00:16:53,889 establish the existence of animals that 399 00:16:59,579 --> 00:16:56,529 are reported but are not yet known to be 400 00:17:01,050 --> 00:16:59,589 real but whenever they succeed it stops 401 00:17:03,689 --> 00:17:01,060 being part of their subject matter and 402 00:17:07,890 --> 00:17:03,699 the regular biologists take over that is 403 00:17:12,840 --> 00:17:07,900 a structural problem inherent to that 404 00:17:15,870 --> 00:17:12,850 science which I couldn't think of a way 405 00:17:17,039 --> 00:17:15,880 for them to get out of it but if it 406 00:17:18,809 --> 00:17:17,049 doesn't matter what the rest of the 407 00:17:21,059 --> 00:17:18,819 scientific paradigm does they have to 408 00:17:24,600 --> 00:17:21,069 fix their own definition in order to 409 00:17:27,390 --> 00:17:24,610 become part of a unified successful 410 00:17:30,140 --> 00:17:27,400 scientific system I thank you very much 411 00:17:36,600 --> 00:17:30,150 for pointing out this son it's a problem 412 00:17:39,570 --> 00:17:36,610 I think the idea of viewing progress in 413 00:17:46,049 --> 00:17:39,580 science and change in science in terms 414 00:17:49,950 --> 00:17:46,059 of a break it implies that science can 415 00:17:52,500 --> 00:17:49,960 be described as a one-dimensional thing 416 00:17:55,760 --> 00:17:52,510 or as one aspect whereas I think 417 00:17:58,100 --> 00:17:55,770 actually there are three important tasks 418 00:18:01,250 --> 00:17:58,110 Effects of science there is the theory 419 00:18:04,150 --> 00:18:01,260 and that's what the paradigms refer to 420 00:18:07,640 --> 00:18:04,160 there are methods and there are 421 00:18:10,820 --> 00:18:07,650 phenomena and facts and I believe that 422 00:18:15,410 --> 00:18:10,830 those three aspects of science don't 423 00:18:18,530 --> 00:18:15,420 change in lockstep one changes then 424 00:18:23,060 --> 00:18:18,540 another one then another one and I found 425 00:18:26,270 --> 00:18:23,070 a useful way of thinking about change is 426 00:18:29,240 --> 00:18:26,280 that if you're trying to if you're 427 00:18:34,070 --> 00:18:29,250 claiming a change in one aspect of 428 00:18:37,600 --> 00:18:34,080 science then Coons idea of paradigm 429 00:18:42,850 --> 00:18:37,610 shifts and scientific revolutions 430 00:18:46,340 --> 00:18:42,860 replies if however you try to change a 431 00:18:51,430 --> 00:18:46,350 mainstream consensus with two of the 432 00:18:54,980 --> 00:18:51,440 aspects at the same time you have no 433 00:19:00,830 --> 00:18:54,990 audience effectively and a classic 434 00:19:04,450 --> 00:19:00,840 example of that is Mendel who was 435 00:19:09,460 --> 00:19:04,460 ignored essentially for 50 years because 436 00:19:15,110 --> 00:19:09,470 he was using an unorthodox method and 437 00:19:18,860 --> 00:19:15,120 producing unorthodox data and if you try 438 00:19:21,650 --> 00:19:18,870 to suggest the change is needed in 439 00:19:27,320 --> 00:19:21,660 theory method and facts all at the same 440 00:19:31,220 --> 00:19:27,330 time then you have things like Loch Ness 441 00:19:34,190 --> 00:19:31,230 monsters Velikovsky's ideas and what is 442 00:19:37,970 --> 00:19:34,200 generally thought of as dismissed as 443 00:19:39,620 --> 00:19:37,980 pseudoscience thank you very much for 444 00:19:42,320 --> 00:19:39,630 your for your comments that's going to 445 00:19:42,320 --> 00:19:42,330 be very helpful 446 00:19:52,130 --> 00:19:50,330 I would like to make a comment that the 447 00:19:56,230 --> 00:19:52,140 signs that we have been discussing in 448 00:19:59,600 --> 00:19:56,240 this room is primarily dominated by 449 00:20:03,769 --> 00:19:59,610 modern science that originated in the 450 00:20:07,009 --> 00:20:03,779 West there were some talks there's 451 00:20:08,240 --> 00:20:07,019 another science about which people don't 452 00:20:11,450 --> 00:20:08,250 know anything because of poor 453 00:20:14,690 --> 00:20:11,460 dissemination and that's the ancient 454 00:20:18,320 --> 00:20:14,700 science of non-duality that originated 455 00:20:21,700 --> 00:20:18,330 thousands of years ago our Veda has come 456 00:20:26,389 --> 00:20:21,710 to or coming to us in the West 457 00:20:30,259 --> 00:20:26,399 acupuncture is here and also the science 458 00:20:34,129 --> 00:20:30,269 of yoga not the yoga that you see on the 459 00:20:37,220 --> 00:20:34,139 street or the deep science so one 460 00:20:41,090 --> 00:20:37,230 proposal one thought is that in this 461 00:20:43,159 --> 00:20:41,100 society we can entertain the idea what 462 00:20:46,190 --> 00:20:43,169 is their science they have been 463 00:20:50,330 --> 00:20:46,200 discussions here in this conference 464 00:20:54,470 --> 00:20:50,340 since morning the many concepts that can 465 00:20:58,039 --> 00:20:54,480 be put forward definitions terminology 466 00:21:00,470 --> 00:20:58,049 on and on but these signs even the 467 00:21:02,810 --> 00:21:00,480 terminology for example there is no 468 00:21:06,289 --> 00:21:02,820 standardization and I'm speaking to you 469 00:21:10,789 --> 00:21:06,299 from my own experience I think it'll be 470 00:21:13,370 --> 00:21:10,799 very fruitful exercise to find the 471 00:21:15,919 --> 00:21:13,380 interface between these two Sciences the 472 00:21:20,389 --> 00:21:15,929 ancient and the modern and you will see 473 00:21:24,230 --> 00:21:20,399 a lot of cross fertilization Oscar 474 00:21:26,389 --> 00:21:24,240 around to help the humanity move forward 475 00:21:29,539 --> 00:21:26,399 actually Bosch laughs talked about 476 00:21:32,539 --> 00:21:29,549 region of regions of rationality and 477 00:21:34,340 --> 00:21:32,549 that implied also regions of science not 478 00:21:37,399 --> 00:21:34,350 only field but I think he owes he might 479 00:21:40,389 --> 00:21:37,409 also have implied also geographically as 480 00:21:42,350 --> 00:21:40,399 well and actually in in the course of 481 00:21:44,629 --> 00:21:42,360 philosophy and history of science I have 482 00:21:47,690 --> 00:21:44,639 been teaching at G is actually the first 483 00:21:48,889 --> 00:21:47,700 that is been given in English when we 484 00:21:50,990 --> 00:21:48,899 look at the history of science 485 00:21:53,149 --> 00:21:51,000 I do not start with the Greek I look at 486 00:21:55,070 --> 00:21:53,159 Indian science I also look at Chinese 487 00:21:57,830 --> 00:21:55,080 science and even a little bit of 488 00:22:00,019 --> 00:21:57,840 Japanese signs well wasun for example 489 00:22:02,779 --> 00:22:00,029 mathematics in the 17th century of the 490 00:22:04,880 --> 00:22:02,789 way for example that calculus was also 491 00:22:07,970 --> 00:22:04,890 seemingly independent independently 492 00:22:11,750 --> 00:22:07,980 formalized by a bicycie kakuzu in Japan 493 00:22:14,090 --> 00:22:11,760 as well so I totally agree with you and 494 00:22:17,180 --> 00:22:14,100 actually in my research I would like to 495 00:22:19,519 --> 00:22:17,190 consider all those different regions of 496 00:22:22,060 --> 00:22:19,529 rationalities and regions of science in 497 00:22:26,120 --> 00:22:22,070 my model I'll be happy to give you some 498 00:22:34,419 --> 00:22:26,130 key references as a way to initiate 499 00:22:34,429 --> 00:22:40,800 ok thank you 500 00:22:43,420 --> 00:22:42,380 [Music]